Alright, I got it to work, here is what I did:

1. Rooted the tablet

I was able to use kingroot to root the tablet.

2. Install adb on the tablet

I basically followed these instructions, however the files in the OP there are outdated and not downloadable anymore. So I used a file someone posted much later in that thread, this file seems outdated though, but I'm unsure about that and will open a new question about that.

1. Downloaded the adb.bin file on the tablet (in /storage/sdcard0/Download)


2. Downloaded Connectbot from f-droid and setup a local shell connection to the tablet


3. Ran the following commands (everything after (including) the # is just a comment)

su # gain root priviledges

cd /storage/sdcard0/Download # change working directory to download folder

mount -o remount,rw /system # re-mount /system partition so we can write on it

cp adb.bin /system/bin/adb # copy it to bin folder so it's accessible as a command

chmod 755 /system/bin/adb # make it executable

4. Rebooted tablet

3. Enjoy adb as host on android!

This worked for me and got me an executable adb running. I still can't connect to my phone but since this is another issue I opened a new question.