AppAuth for Android is a client SDK for communicating with OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect providers. It strives to directly map the requests and responses of those specifications, while following the idiomatic style of the implementation language. In addition to mapping the raw protocol flows, convenience methods are available to assist with common tasks like performing an action with fresh tokens.
The library follows the best practices set out in RFC 8252 - OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps, including using Custom Tabs for authorization requests. For this reason, WebView is explicitly not supported due to usability and security reasons.
The library also supports the PKCE extension to OAuth which was created to secure authorization codes in public clients when custom URI scheme redirects are used. The library is friendly to other extensions (standard or otherwise) with the ability to handle additional parameters in all protocol requests and responses.
A talk providing an overview of using the library for enterprise single sign-on (produced by Google) can be found here: Enterprise SSO with Chrome Custom Tabs.
Download
Instructions for downloading the binary releases of AppAuth, or to add a dependency using Maven, Gradle or Ivy, can be found on our Bintray page.
Requirements
AppAuth supports Android API 16 (Jellybean) and above. Browsers which provide a custom tabs implementation are preferred by the library, but not required. Both Custom URI Schemes (all supported versions of Android) and App Links (Android M / API 23+) can be used with the library.
In general, AppAuth can work with any Authorization Server (AS) that supports native apps as documented in RFC 8252, either through custom URI scheme redirects, or App Links. AS's that assume all clients are web-based or require clients to maintain confidentiality of the client secrets may not work well.
Demo app
A demo app is contained within this repository. For instructions on how to build and configure this app, see the demo app readme.
Codelabs, videos and other resources
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A codelab featuring AppAuth was provided for Google I/O 2016: Achieving Single Sign-on with AppAuth.
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A talk providing an overview of using the library for enterprise single sign-on (produced by Google) can be found here: Enterprise SSO with Chrome Custom Tabs.
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AppAuth is discussed as part of the "Your apps at work" session at Google I/O 2016.
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A sample integration with Ping Identity can be found here.
Conceptual overview
AppAuth encapsulates the authorization state of the user in the net.openid.appauth.AuthState class, and communicates with an authorization server through the use of the net.openid.appauth.AuthorizationService class. AuthState is designed to be easily persistable as a JSON string, using the storage mechanism of your choice (e.g. SharedPreferences, sqlite, or even just in a file).
AppAuth provides data classes which are intended to model the OAuth2 specification as closely as possible; this provides the greatest flexibility in interacting with a wide variety of OAuth2 and OpenID Connect implementations.
Authorizing the user occurs via the user's web browser, and the request is described using instances of AuthorizationRequest. The request is dispatched using performAuthorizationRequest() on an AuthorizationService instance, and the response (an AuthorizationResponse instance) will be dispatched to the activity of your choice, expressed via an Intent.
Token requests, such as obtaining a new access token using a refresh token, follow a similar pattern: TokenRequest instances are dispatched using performTokenRequest() on an AuthorizationService instance, and a TokenResponse instance is returned via a callback.
Responses can be provided to the update() methods on AuthState in order to track and persist changes to the authorization state. Once in an authorized state, the performActionWithFreshTokens() method on AuthState can be used to automatically refresh access tokens as necessary before performing actions that require valid tokens.
Implementing the authorization code flow
It is recommended that native apps use the authorization code flow with a public client to gain authorization to access user data. This has the primary advantage for native clients that the authorization flow, which must occur in a browser, only needs to be performed once.
This flow is effectively composed of four stages:
- Discovering or specifying the endpoints to interact with the provider.
- Authorizing the user, via a browser, in order to obtain an authorization code.
- Exchanging the authorization code with the authorization server, to obtain a refresh token and/or ID token.
- Using access tokens derived from the refresh token to interact with a resource server for further access to user data.
At each step of the process, an AuthState instance can (optionally) be updated with the result to help with tracking the state of the flow.
Authorization service configuration
First, AppAuth must first be instructed how to interact with the authorization service. This can be done either by directly creating an AuthorizationServiceConfiguration instance, providing the URIs of the authorization endpoint and token endpoint, and optionally a dynamic client registration endpoint (see "Dynamic client registration" for more info):
AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfig =
new AuthorizationServiceConfiguration(
Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/auth"), // authorization endpoint
Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/token"));
// token endpointAlternatively, the configuration can be retrieved from an OpenID Connect discovery document:
AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfig =
AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.fetchFromIssuer(
Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com"),
new RetrieveConfigurationCallback() {
void onFetchConfigurationCompleted(
@Nullable AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfiguration,
@Nullable AuthorizationException ex) {
if (ex != null) {
Log.e(TAG, "failed to fetch configuration");
return;
}
// use serviceConfiguration as needed
}
}
);
This will attempt to download a discovery document from the standard location under this base URI, https://idp.example.com/.well-known/openid-configuration. If the discovery document for your IDP is in some other non-standard location, you can instead provide the full URI as follows:
AuthorizationServiceConfiguration serviceConfig =
AuthorizationServiceConfiguration.fetchFromUrl(
Uri.parse("https://idp.example.com/exampletenant/openid-config"));
If desired, this configuration can be used to seed an AuthState instance, to persist the configuration easily:
AuthState authState = new AuthState(serviceConfig);
Obtaining an authorization code
An authorization code can now be acquired by constructing an AuthorizationRequest, using its Builder. In AppAuth, the builders for each data class accept the mandatory parameters via the builder constructor:
AuthorizationRequest.Builder authRequestBuilder =
new AuthorizationRequest.Builder(
serviceConfig, // the authorization service configuration
MY_CLIENT_ID, // the client ID, typically pre-registered and static
ResponseTypeValues.CODE // the response_type value: we want a code
MY_REDIRECT_URI);
// the redirect URI to which the auth response is sentOther optional parameters, such as the OAuth2 scope string or OpenID Connect login hint are specified through set methods on the builder:
AuthorizationRequest authRequest = authRequestBuilder
.setScope("email profile https://idp.example.com/custom-scope")
.setLoginHint("[email protected]")
.build();
This request can then be dispatched using one of two approaches.
a startActivityForResult call using an Intent returned from the AuthorizationService, or by calling performAuthorizationRequest and providing pending intent for completion and cancelation handling activities.
The startActivityForResult approach is simpler to use but may require more processing of the result:
private void doAuthorization() {
AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this);
Intent authIntent = authService.getAuthorizationRequestIntent(authRequest);
startActivityForResult(authIntent, RC_AUTH);
}
@Override protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
if (requestCode == RC_AUTH) {
AuthorizationResponse resp = AuthorizationResponse.fromIntent(data);
AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(data);
// ... process the response or exception ...
}
else {
// ...
}
}
If instead you wish to directly transition to another activity on completion or cancelation, you can use performAuthorizationRequest:
AuthorizationService authService = new AuthorizationService(this);
authService.performAuthorizationRequest(
authRequest,
PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCompleteActivity.class), 0),
PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, new Intent(this, MyAuthCanceledActivity.class), 0));
The intents may be customized to carry any additional data or flags required for the correct handling of the authorization response.
Capturing the authorization redirect
Once the authorization flow is completed in the browser, the authorization service will redirect to a URI specified as part of the authorization request, providing the response via query parameters. In order for your app to capture this response, it must register with the Android OS as a handler for this redirect URI.
We recommend using a custom scheme based redirect URI (i.e. those of form "my.scheme:/path"), as this is the most widely supported across all versions of Android. It is strongly recommended to use "reverse domain name notation", which is a naming convention based on the domain name system, but where the domain components are reversed. For example, if the web domain for your service is "service.example.com", then the reverse domain name form to use for a custom scheme would be "com.example.service". This is also, typically, the convention used for the package name of your app, e.g. "com.example.app". As such, the package name for your app can often be used as a custom scheme - there are some exceptions, such as when the package name contains underscores, as these are not legal characters for URI schemes.
When a custom scheme is used, AppAuth can be easily configured to capture all redirects using this custom scheme through a manifest placeholder:
android.defaultConfig.manifestPlaceholders = [
'appAuthRedirectScheme': 'com.example.app' ]Alternatively, the redirect URI can be directly configured by adding an intent-filter for AppAuth's RedirectUriReceiverActivity to your AndroidManfiest.xml:
<activity
android:name="net.openid.appauth.RedirectUriReceiverActivity"
tools:node="replace">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE"/>
<data android:scheme="com.example.app"/>
</intent-filter> </activity>If an HTTPS redirect URI is required instead of a custom scheme, the same approach (modifying your AndroidManifest.xml) is used:
<activity
android:name="net.openid.appauth.RedirectUriReceiverActivity"
tools:node="replace">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE"/>
<data android:scheme="https"
android:host="app.example.com"
android:path="/oauth2redirect"/>
</intent-filter> </activity>HTTPS redirects can be secured by configuring the redirect URI as an app link in Android M and above. We recommend that a fallback page be configured at the same address to forward authorization responses to your app via a custom scheme, for older Android devices.
Handling the authorization response
Upon completion of the authorization flow, the completion Intent provided to performAuthorizationRequest will be triggered. The authorization response is provided to this activity via Intent extra data, which can be extracted using the fromIntent() methods on AuthorizationResponse and AuthorizationException respectively:
public void onCreate(Bundle b) {
AuthorizationResponse resp = AuthorizationResponse.fromIntent(getIntent());
AuthorizationException ex = AuthorizationException.fromIntent(getIntent());
if (resp != null) {
// authorization completed
}
else {
// authorization failed, check ex for more details
}
// ...
}
The response can be provided to the AuthState instance for easy persistence and further processing:
authState.update(resp, ex);
If the full redirect URI is required in order to extract additional information that AppAuth does not provide, this is also provided to your activity:
public void onCreate(Bundle b) {
// ...
Uri redirectUri = getIntent().getData();
// ...
}
Exchanging the authorization code
Given a successful authorization response carrying an authorization code, a token request can be made to exchange the code for a refresh token:
authService.performTokenRequest(
resp.createTokenExchangeRequest(),
new AuthorizationService.TokenResponseCallback() {
@Override public void onTokenRequestCompleted(
TokenResponse resp, AuthorizationException ex) {
if (resp != null) {
// exchange succeeded
}
else {
// authorization failed, check ex for more details
}
}
}
);
The token response can also be used to update an AuthState instance:
authState.update(resp, ex);
Using access tokens
Finally, the retrieved access token can be used to interact with a resource server. This can be done directly, by extracting the access token from a token response. However, in most cases, it is simpler to use the performActionWithFreshTokens utility method provided by AuthState:
authState.performActionWithFreshTokens(service, new AuthStateAction() {
@Override public void execute(
String accessToken,
String idToken,
AuthorizationException ex) {
if (ex != null) {
// negotiation for fresh tokens failed, check ex for more details
return;
}
// use the access token to do something ...
}
}
);
AuthState persistence
Instances of AuthState keep track of the authorization and token requests and responses. This is the only object that you need to persist to retain the authorization state of the session. Typically, one would do this by storing the authorization state in SharedPreferences or some other persistent store private to the app:
@NonNull public AuthState readAuthState() {
SharedPreferences authPrefs = getSharedPreferences("auth", MODE_PRIVATE);
String stateJson = authPrefs.getString("stateJson");
AuthState state;
if (stateStr != null) {
return AuthState.fromJsonString(stateJson);
}
else {
return new AuthState();
}
}
public void writeAuthState(@NonNull AuthState state) {
SharedPreferences authPrefs = getSharedPreferences("auth", MODE_PRIVATE);
authPrefs.edit()
.putString("stateJson", state.toJsonString())
.apply();
}
The demo app has an AuthStateManager type which demonstrates this in more detail.
Advanced configuration
AppAuth provides some advanced configuration options via AppAuthConfiguration instances, which can be provided to AuthorizationService during construction.
Controlling which browser is used for authorization
Some applications require explicit control over which browsers can be used for authorization - for example, to require that Chrome be used for second factor authentication to work, or require that some custom browser is used for authentication in an enterprise environment.
Control over which browsers can be used can be achieved by defining a BrowserMatcher, and supplying this to the builder of AppAuthConfiguration. A BrowserMatcher is suppled with a BrowserDescriptor instance, and must decide whether this browser is permitted for the authorization flow.
By default, AnyBrowserMatcher is used.
For your convenience, utility classes to help define a browser matcher are provided, such as:
- Browsers: contains a set of constants for the official package names and signatures of Chrome, Firefox and Samsung SBrowser.
- VersionedBrowserMatcher: will match a browser if it has a matching package name and signature, and a version number within a defined VersionRange. This class also provides some static instances for matching Chrome, Firefox and Samsung SBrowser.
- BrowserWhitelist: takes a list of BrowserMatcher instances, and will match a browser if any of these child BrowserMatcher instances signals a match.
- BrowserBlacklist: the inverse of BrowserWhitelist - takes a list of browser matcher instances, and will match a browser if it does not match any of these child BrowserMatcher instances.
For instance, in order to restrict the authorization flow to using Chrome or SBrowser as a custom tab:
AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder()
.setBrowserMatcher(new BrowserWhitelist(
VersionedBrowserMatcher.CHROME_CUSTOM_TAB,
VersionedBrowserMatcher.SAMSUNG_CUSTOM_TAB))
.build();
AuthorizationService authService =
new AuthorizationService(context, appAuthConfig);
Or, to prevent the use of a buggy version of the custom tabs in Samsung SBrowser:
AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder()
.setBrowserMatcher(new BrowserBlacklist(
new VersionedBrowserMatcher(
Browsers.SBrowser.PACKAGE_NAME,
Browsers.SBrowser.SIGNATURE_SET,
true, // when this browser is used via a custom tab
VersionRange.atMost("5.3")
)))
.build();
AuthorizationService authService =
new AuthorizationService(context, appAuthConfig);
Customing the connection builder for HTTP requests
It can be desirable to customize how HTTP connections are made when performing token requests, for instance to use certificate pinning or to add additional trusted certificate authorities for an enterprise environment. This can be achieved in AppAuth by providing a custom ConnectionBuilder instance.
For example, to custom the SSL socket factory used, one could do the following:
AppAuthConfiguration appAuthConfig = new AppAuthConfiguration.Builder()
.setConnectionBuilder(new ConnectionBuilder() {
public HttpURLConnection openConnect(Uri uri) throws IOException {
URL url = new URL(uri.toString());
HttpURLConnection connection =
(HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
if (connection instanceof HttpsUrlConnection) {
HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) connection;
connection.setSSLSocketFactory(MySocketFactory.getInstance());
}
}
}
)
.build();
Dynamic client registration
AppAuth supports the OAuth2 dynamic client registration protocol. In order to dynamically register a client, create a RegistrationRequest and dispatch it using performRegistrationRequest on your AuthorizationService instance.
The registration endpoint can either be defined directly as part of your AuthorizationServiceConfiguration, or discovered from an OpenID Connect discovery document.
RegistrationRequest registrationRequest = new RegistrationRequest.Builder(
serviceConfig,
Arrays.asList(redirectUri))
.build();
Requests are dispatched with the help of AuthorizationService. As this request is asynchronous the response is passed to a callback:
service.performRegistrationRequest(
registrationRequest,
new AuthorizationService.RegistrationResponseCallback() {
@Override public void onRegistrationRequestCompleted(
@Nullable RegistrationResponse resp,
@Nullable AuthorizationException ex) {
if (resp != null) {
// registration succeeded, store the registration response
AuthState state = new AuthState(resp);
//proceed to authorization...
}
else {
// registration failed, check ex for more details
}
}
}
);
Utilizing client secrets (DANGEROUS)
We strongly recommend you avoid using static client secrets in your native applications whenever possible. Client secrets derived via a dynamic client registration are safe to use, but static client secrets can be easily extracted from your apps and allow others to impersonate your app and steal user data. If client secrets must be used by the OAuth2 provider you are integrating with, we strongly recommend performing the code exchange step on your backend, where the client secret can be kept hidden.
Having said this, in some cases using client secrets is unavoidable. In these cases, a ClientAuthentication instance can be provided to AppAuth when performing a token request. This allows additional parameters (both HTTP headers and request body parameters) to be added to token requests. Two standard implementations of ClientAuthentication are provided:
- ClientSecretBasic: includes a client ID and client secret as an HTTP Basic Authorization header.
- ClientSecretPost: includes a client ID and client secret as additional request parameters.
So, in order to send a token request using HTTP basic authorization, one would write:
ClientAuthentication clientAuth = new ClientSecretBasic(MY_CLIENT_SECRET);
TokenRequest req = ...; authService.performTokenRequest(req, clientAuth, callback);
This can also be done when using performActionWithFreshTokens on AuthState:
ClientAuthentication clientAuth = new ClientSecretPost(MY_CLIENT_SECRET);
authState.performActionWithFreshTokens(
authService,
clientAuth,
action);
Modifying or contributing to AppAuth
This project requires the Android SDK for API level 25 (Nougat) to build, though the produced binaries only require API level 16 (Jellybean) to be used. We recommend that you fork and/or clone this repository to make modifications; downloading the source has been known to cause some developers problems.
For contributors, see the additional instructions in CONTRIBUTING.md.
Building from the Command line
AppAuth for Android uses Gradle as its build system. In order to build the library and app binaries, run ./gradlew assemble. The library AAR files are output to library/build/outputs/aar, while the demo app is output to app/build/outputs/apk. In order to run the tests and code analysis, run ./gradlew check.
Building from Android Studio
In AndroidStudio, File -> New -> Import project. Select the root folder (the one with the build.gradle file).