Based on your requirements there are not many file-systems left: ext3/ext4
or exFAT
both are file-systems that are natively supported nearly all Android devices.
My recommendation as file-system to use is exFAT
as long as you don't want to store a large number of small files.
partitions size to cluster size:
- 7 MB–256 MB -> cluster size 4 KB
- 256 MB–32 GB -> cluster size 32 KB
- 32 GB–256 TB -> cluster size 128 KB
The other option ext3/ext4 may cause problems if you ever want to connect the USB-stick to an Windows PC as Windows does not support it.
exFAT has no relevant maximum file-size (the file size limit of exFAT is 16 Exabytes and therefore larger than the largest disc for the next decades)
Regarding the exFAT support Android should support this file-system if it has an SD-card slot and supported SD-card with 64 GB and beyond.
To my experience the exFAT read support usually works, but the write support can be buggy on some devices (permission problem). Therefore the only way is to format an USB-stick with exFAT and test it on the devices you want to use it.
For more details see also this question and it's answers: Since which Android version is exFat supported?