CWAC Wakeful: Staying Awake At Work

UPDATE 2017-09-28: Users of this library should migrate to JobIntentService from the Android Support Libraries. That class covers the primary WakefulIntentService use case, is officially supported, and helps with the Android 8.0+ limitation on the life of background services. For the classic WakefulIntentService pattern of just overriding doWakefulWork(): changing the superclass, refactoring that method to onHandleWork(), and using enqueueWork() to start the work, should be all that is needed to switch to JobIntentService.

This library is officially discontinued, unless some use case arises where JobIntentService is unsuitable. If you think that you have one, file an issue here.

The rest of the documentation remains for the historical (and possibly hysterical) record.

The recommended pattern for Android's equivalent to cron jobs and Windows scheduled tasks is to use AlarmManager. This works well when coupled with an IntentService, as the service will do its work on a background thread and shut down when there is no more work to do.

There's one small problem: IntentService does nothing to keep the device awake. If the alarm was a WAKEUP variant, the phone will only stay awake on its own while the BroadcastReceiver handling the alarm is in its onReceive() method. Otherwise, the phone may fall back asleep.

WakefulIntentService attempts to combat this by combining the ease of IntentService with a partial WakeLock.

This is available as a JAR file, or as an artifact for use with Gradle. To use that, add the following blocks to your build.gradle file:

repositories {

  maven {

url "https://s3.amazonaws.com/repo.commonsware.com"
  
}
 
}
  dependencies {

  compile 'com.commonsware.cwac:wakeful:1.0.+' 
}

Or, if you cannot use SSL, use http://repo.commonsware.com for the repository URL.

The project itself is set up as an Android library project, in case you wish to use the source code in that fashion.

NOTE: The JAR name, as of v1.0.2, has a cwac- prefix, to help distinguish it from other JARs.

Basic Usage

Any component that wants to send work to a WakefulIntentService subclass needs to call either:

WakefulIntentService.sendWakefulWork(context, MyService.class);

(where MyService.class is the WakefulIntentService subclass)

or:

WakefulIntentService.sendWakefulWork(context, intentOfWork);

(where intentOfWork is an Intent that will be used to call startService() on your WakefulIntentService subclass)

Implementations of WakefulIntentService must override doWakefulWork() instead of onHandleIntent(). doWakefulWork() will be processed within the bounds of a WakeLock. Otherwise, the semantics of doWakefulWork() are identical to onHandleIntent(). doWakefulWork() will be passed the Intent supplied to sendWakefulWork() (or an Intent created by the sendWakefulWork() method, depending on which flavor of that method you use).

And that's it. WakefulIntentService handles the rest.

NOTE: this only works with local services. You have no means of accessing the static WakeLock of a remote service.

NOTE #2: Your application must hold the WAKE_LOCK permission.

NOTE #3: If you get an " WakeLock under-locked" exception, make sure that you are not starting your service by some means other than sendWakefulWork().

Alarm Usage

If you want to slightly simplify your use of WakefulIntentService in conjunction with AlarmManager, you can do the following:

First, implement your WakefulIntentService and doWakefulWork() as described above.

Next, create a class implementing the WakefulIntentService.AlarmListener interface. This class needs to have a no-argument public constructor in addition to the interface method implementations. One method is scheduleAlarms(), where you are passed in an AlarmManager, a PendingIntent, and a Context, and your mission is to schedule your alarms using the supplied PendingIntent. You also implement sendWakefulWork(), which is passed a Context, and is where you call sendWakefulWork() upon your WakefulIntentService implementation. And, you need to implement getMaxAge(Context), which should return the time in milliseconds after which, if we have not seen an alarm go off, you should assume that the alarms were canceled (e.g., application was force-stopped by the user) and should reschedule them.

Then, create an XML metadata file where you identify the class that implements WakefulIntentService.AlarmListener from the previous step, akin to:

<WakefulIntentService
listener="com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful.demo.AppListener" /> 

Next, register com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful.AlarmReceiver as a <receiver> in your manifest, set to respond to ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcasts, and with a com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful <meta-data> element pointing to the XML resource from the previous step, akin to:

<receiver android:name="com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful.AlarmReceiver">
<intent-filter>
  <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"/>
</intent-filter>
 <meta-data
  android:name="com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful"
  android:resource="@xml/wakeful"/> </receiver> 

Also, add the RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED permission to your manifest.

Finally, when you wish to manually set up the alarms (e.g., on first run of your app), create an instance of your AlarmListener and call scheduleAlarms() on the WakefulIntentService class, passing in the AlarmListener and a Context (e.g., the activity that is trying to set up the alarms). If you are only scheduling alarms using the single provided PendingIntent, you can also call cancelAlarms() on the WakefulIntentService class to cancel any outstanding alarms. Note that scheduleAlarms() and cancelAlarms() perform disk I/O and should be called on a background thread.

For production use, ProGuard may rename your AlarmListener class, which will foul up access to your metadata. To stop this from happening, you will need to add a -keep line to your ProGuard configuration file (e.g., proguard.cfg) to stop ProGuard from renaming it.

Limitations

Your BroadcastReceiver and your WakefulIntentService need to be in the same process.

Dependencies

None.

This project should work on API Level 7 and higher, except for any portions that may be noted otherwise in this document. Please report bugs if you find features that do not work on API Level 7 and are not noted as requiring a higher version.

Version

This is version v1.1.0 of this module, meaning it is for realz.

Demo

In the demo/ project directory and com.commonsware.cwac.wakeful.demo package you will find an AppListener, which is an implementation of AlarmListener, and AppService, which extends WakefulIntentService. AppService pretends to do some work in a background thread. All of this is set up via a DemoActivity (required to move the application out of the "stopped" state on Android 3.1+), and if needed on a reboot.

Additional Documentation

The Busy Coder's Guide to Android Development has two chapters on AlarmManager and JobScheduler that demonstrate this library and its use cases. Also, the main series of tutorials use WakefulIntentService as well, so you can see its use in a somewhat more complex app.

License

The code in this project is licensed under the Apache Software License 2.0, per the terms of the included LICENSE file.

Questions

If you have questions regarding the use of this code, please post a question on Stack Overflow tagged with commonsware-cwac and android after searching to see if there already is an answer. Be sure to indicate what CWAC module you are having issues with, and be sure to include source code and stack traces if you are encountering crashes.

If you have encountered what is clearly a bug, please post an issue. Be certain to include complete steps for reproducing the issue. The contribution guidelines provide some suggestions for how to create a bug report that will get the problem fixed the fastest.

Do not ask for help via Twitter.

Also, if you plan on hacking on the code with an eye for contributing something back, please open an issue that we can use for discussing implementation details. Just lobbing a pull request over the fence may work, but it may not. Again, the contribution guidelines should help here.

Release Notes

• v1.1.0: upgraded Gradle/build tools, added Context parameter to getMaxAge()
• v1.0.5: updated to Android Studio 1.0 and new AAR publishing system
• v1.0.4: added exception handler to catch any under-locked WakeLock runtime errors
• v1.0.3: fixed bug in cancelAlarms()
• v1.0.2: fixed manifest for merging, added cwac- prefix to JAR
• v1.0.1: added Gradle build files and published AAR as an artifact
• v1.0.0: anointed major release
• v0.6.2: added more fail-safes around WakeLock acquisition and release
• v0.6.1: replaced AlarmListener Log lines with RuntimeExceptions
• v0.6.0: added cancelAlarms() to WakefulIntentService
• v0.5.1: semi-automatically handle canceled alarms (e.g., app force-stopped)
• v0.5.0: added the AlarmListener portion of the framework
• v0.4.5: completed switch to Application as the Context for the WakeLock
• v0.4.4: switched to Application as the Context for the WakeLock
• v0.4.3: added better recovery from an Intent redelivery condition
• v0.4.2: added volatile keyword to static WakeLock for better double-checked locking implementation
• v0.4.1: added setIntentRedelivery() call, nuked extraneous permissions check
• v0.4.0: switched to onStartCommand(), requiring Android 2.0+ (API level 5 or higher)
• v0.3.0: converted to Android library project, added test for WAKE_LOCK permission