Xtendroid
Xtendroid is a DSL (domain-specific language) for Android that is implemented using the Xtend transpiler, which features extension methods and active annotations (edit-time code generators) that expand out to Java code during editing or compilation. Active annotations, in particular, make Xtend more suitable for DSL creation than languages like Kotlin or Groovy (e.g. see @AndroidActivity). Xtendroid supports both Eclipse and IntelliJ/Android Studio, including code completion, debugging, and so on.
Xtendroid can replace dependency injection frameworks like RoboGuice, Dagger, and Android Annotations, with lazy-loading getters that are automatically generated for widgets in your layouts. With Xtend's lambda support and functional-style programming constructs, it reduces/eliminates the need for libraries like RetroLambda and RxJava. With it's database support, Xtendroid also removes the need for ORM libraries.
Features by example
Anonymous inner classes (lambdas)
Android code:
// get button widget, set onclick handler to toast a message Button myButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.my_button);
myButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(this, "Hello, world!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}
);
Xtendroid code:
import static extension org.xtendroid.utils.AlertUtils.* // for toast(), etc. // myButton references getMyButton(), a lazy-getter generated by @AndroidActivity myButton.onClickListener = [View v|
// Lambda - params are optional
toast("Hello, world!") ]Note: Semi-colons optional, compact and differentiating lambda syntax, getters/setters as properties.
Type Inference
Android code:
// Store JSONObject results into an array of HashMaps ArrayList<HashMap<String,JSONObject>> results = new ArrayList<HashMap<String,JSONObject>>();
HashMap<String,JsonObject> result1 = new HashMap<String,JSONObject>();
result1.put("result1", new JSONObject());
result2.put("result2", new JSONObject());
results.put(result1);
results.put(result2);
Xtendroid (Xtend) code:
var results = #[
#{
"result1" -> new JSONObject
}
,
#{
"result2" -> new JSONObject
}
]Note: compact notation for Lists and Maps, method call brackets are optional
Multi-threading
Blink a button 3 times (equivalent Android code is too verbose to include here):
import static extension org.xtendroid.utils.AsyncBuilder.* // Blink button 3 times using AsyncTask async [
// this is the doInBackground() code, runs in the background
for (i : 1..3) {
// number ranges, nice!
runOnUiThread [ myButton.pressed = true ]
Thread.sleep(250) // look ma! no try/catch!
runOnUiThread [ myButton.pressed = false ]
Thread.sleep(250)
}
return true ].then [result|
// This is the onPostExecute() code, runs on UI thread
if (result) {
toast("Done!")
}
].onError [error|
toast("Oops! " + error.message) ].start()Note: sneaky throws, smoother error handling. See documentation for the many other benefits to using the AsyncBuilder.
Android boilerplate removal
Creating a Parcelable in Android:
public class Student implements Parcelable {
private String id;
private String name;
private String grade;
// Constructor
public Student(){
}
// Getter and setter methods
// ... ommitted for brevity!
// Parcelling part
public Student(Parcel in){
String[] data = new String[3];
in.readStringArray(data);
this.id = data[0];
this.name = data[1];
this.grade = data[2];
}
@?verride
public int describeContents(){
return 0;
}
@Override
public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
dest.writeStringArray(new String[] {
this.id,
this.name,
this.grade
}
);
}
public static final Parcelable.Creator CREATOR = new Parcelable.Creator() {
public Student createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
return new Student(in);
}
public Student[] newArray(int size) {
return new Student[size];
}
}
;
}
Xtendroid:
// @Accessors creates getters/setters, @AndroidParcelable makes it parcelable! @Accessors @AndroidParcelable class Student {
String id
String name
String grade
}
Note: the above Xtendroid code essentially generates the same Android code above, into the
build/generatedfolder, which gets compiled normally. Full bi-directional interoperability with existing Java classes.
Functional programming
@Accessors class User {
String username
long salary
int age
}
var List<User> users = getAllUsers() // from somewhere... var result = users.filter[ age >= 40 ].maxBy[ salary ]
toast('''Top over 40 is «result.username» earning «result.salary»''')Note: String templating, many built-in list comprehension functions, lambdas taking a single object parameter implicitly puts the object in scope.
Builder pattern
// Sample Builder class to create UI widgets, like Kotlin's Anko class UiBuilder {
def static LinearLayout linearLayout(Context it, (LinearLayout)=>void initializer) {
new LinearLayout(it) => initializer
}
def static Button button(Context it, (Button)=>void initializer) {
new Button(it) => initializer
}
}
// Now let's use it! import static extension org.xtendroid.utils.AlertUtils.* import static extension UiBuilder.* contentView = linearLayout [
gravity = Gravity.CENTER
addView( button [
text = "Say Hello!"
onClickListener = [
toast("Hello Android from Xtendroid!")
]
]) ] Note: You can create your own project-specific DSL!
Utilities
import static extension org.xtendroid.utils.AlertUtils.* import static extension org.xtendroid.utils.TimeUtils.* var Date yesterday = 24.hours.ago var Date tomorrow = 24.hours.fromNow var Date futureDate = now + 48.days + 20.hours + 2.seconds if (futureDate - now < 24.hours) {
// show an AlertDialog with OK/Cancel buttons
confirm("Less than a day to go! Do it now?") [
// user wants to do it now (clicked Ok)
doIt()
]
}
Note: you can easily create your own extension methods for your project.
Documentation
Xtendroid removes boilerplate code from things like activities and fragments, background processing, shared preferences, adapters (and ViewHolder pattern), database handling, JSON handling, Parcelables, Bundle arguments, and more!
View the full reference documentation for Xtendroid here.
Sample
Here's an example of an app that fetches a quote from the internet and displays it. First, the standard Android activity layout:
res/layout/activity_main.xml
<LinearLayout ...>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/main_quote"
android:text="Click below to load a quote..."
.../>
<Button
android:id="@+id/main_load_quote"
android:text="Load Quote"
../> </LinearLayout> Now the activity class to fetch the quote from the internet (in a background thread), handle any errors, and display the result. Only imports and package declaration have been omitted.
MainActivity.xtend
@AndroidActivity(R.layout.activity_main) class MainActivity {
@OnCreate
// Run this method when widgets are ready
def init() {
// make a progress dialog
val pd = new ProgressDialog(this)
pd.message = "Loading quote..."
// set up the button to load quotes
mainLoadQuote.onClickListener = [
// load quote in the background, showing progress dialog
async(pd) [
// get the data in the background
getData('http://www.iheartquotes.com/api/v1/random')
].then [result|
// update the UI with new data
mainQuote.text = Html.fromHtml(result)
].onError [error|
// handle any errors by toasting it
toast("Error: " + error.message)
].start()
]
}
/**
* Utility function to get data from the internet. In production code,
* you should rather use something like the Volley library.
*/
def static String getData(String url) {
// connect to the URL
var c = new URL(url).openConnection as HttpURLConnection
c.connect
if (c.responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
// read data into a buffer
var os = new ByteArrayOutputStream
ByteStreams.copy(c.inputStream, os) // Guava utility
return os.toString
}
throw new Exception("[" + c.responseCode + "] " + c.responseMessage)
}
}
Declare the activity in your AndroidManifest.xml file, add the internet permission, and that's it! Note the lack of boilerplate code and Java verbosity in things like loading layouts and finding Views, exception handling, and implementing anonymous inner classes for handlers.
This and other examples are in the examples folder. The Xtendroid Test app is like Android's API Demos app, and showcases the various features of Xtendroid.
The wiki has a list of some projects that make use of Xtendroid, including the open source WebApps app.
Getting Started
Setup Eclipse or Android Studio with the Xtend plugin.
Clone the XtendApp skeleton app to jump-start your project. It is a pre-configured skeleton Xtendroid app for Android Studio 2+.
Method 1: Copy JAR file in
- Download the latest release from https://github.com/tobykurien/Xtendroid/tree/master/Xtendroid/release
- Copy the JAR file into your Android project's
libsfolder - Now you can use it as documented here.
Method 2: Gradle build config
- In your
build.gradlefile, add a compile dependency forcom.github.tobykurien:xtendroid:0.13and also add the Xtend compiler - A typical
build.gradlefile looks as follows:
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.2.3'
classpath 'org.xtext:xtext-android-gradle-plugin:1.0.3'
}
}
apply plugin: 'android' apply plugin: 'org.xtext.android.xtend' repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
android {
dependencies {
compile 'com.github.tobykurien:xtendroid:0.13'
compile 'org.eclipse.xtend:org.eclipse.xtend.lib:2.9.1'
// other dependencies here
}
packagingOptions {
// exclude files that may cause conflicts
exclude 'LICENSE.txt'
exclude 'META-INF/ECLIPSE_.SF'
exclude 'META-INF/ECLIPSE_.RSA'
}
// other build config stuff
}
Xtend
The latest version of Xtendroid is built with Xtend v2.9.1. For more about the Xtend language, see http://xtend-lang.org.
A port of Xtendroid to Groovy is in the works, see android-groovy-support
IDE Support
Xtend and Xtendroid are currently supported in Eclipse (Xtend is an Eclipse project) as well as Android Studio 2+ (or IntelliJ 15+). Here's how to use Xtendroid in Android Studio.
If you'd like to use Gradle for your build configuration, but still be able to develop in Eclipse, use the Eclipse AAR plugin for Gradle. This also allows you to use either Eclipse or Android Studio while maintaining a single build configuration.
Gotchas
There are currently some bugs with the Xtend editor that can lead to unexpected behaviour (e.g. compile errors). Here are the current bugs you should know about:
- Android: Editor not always refreshing R class
- Android: First-opened Xtend editor shows many errors and never clears those errors after build
If in doubt, close and re-open the editor.
Some Xtend Gradle plugin gotchas: