How to replace SD card formatted as internal storage?

In general fixing an sd-card with corrupt data should be done on raw disk not on partition level, overwriting potential corrupt partition data.

Assuming that the sd-card is physically fully working the best way to reset it is by overwriting the first blocks with zeros.

Unfortunately I don't know a good erase tool that works on Windows and that works on RAW disk level. On Linux this can be easily done using dd writing to the block device of the sdcard (e.g. sdb, sdc or something like this).

For Windows the Hex editor HxD may be an alternative if you know what you are doing. It allows to open the full disk in read-write mode and then you can overwrite the first few kilobytes. Just make sure you are writing to the correct disk (and not overwriting e.g. your main HDD/SSD).

Once you have managed to reset the sd-card eject it and then re-insert it. Then format it on the PC and apply then test it using the tool H2Testw. It fills the sd-card with dummy data and then verifies if the all the written data can be read.